OUTLINE
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Indicators
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Human development
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Importance of Human Development
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Economic Growth and Human Development
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Stages of Human Development
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1: Infancy Stage
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2: Early Childhood
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3: Middle Childhood
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4: Adolescence Stage
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5: Young Adulthood Stage
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6: Middle Adulthood
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7: Late Adulthood/ old age
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Human Development Index Pakistan
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Pakistan Human Development Polices
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Policy research and advisory:
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SDGs and other development goals
· Solutions / knowledge exchange
Indicators
o Pakistan Life
expectancy at birth, total (years)
§ 66.6% in 2017
§ 66.5% in 2016
o Infant Mortality Rate
(per 1,000 live births)
§ 61.2 in 2017
§ 62.9 in 2016
o Maternal Mortality
Rate (Per 100,000)
§ 178.0 in 2015
o Under 5 Mortality Rate
(Per 1,000)
§ 74.1 in 2017
§ 77.1 in 2016
o Population growth
(annual %)
§ 2.0 in 2017
Source: World Bank
o Health Expenditure as
% of GDP
§ 0.53 (Rs.
billion) in 2018-19
§ 0.49 (Rs. billion) in
2017-18
Source: Finance
Division (PF Wing)
Human development
Human
development is defined as the process of enlarging people's freedoms and
opportunities and improving their well-being. Human development is
about the real freedom ordinary people have to decide who to be, what to do,
and how to live.
Importance of Human Development
Human
development is very important in terms of living conditions in different
countries. The statement “any society committed to improving the lives of its
people must also be committed to full and equal rights for all” is true. The UN
considers three factors to calculate human development in a country.
These
factors cover many aspects of a country, including social development in a
country. Income, education, and healthy living are considered to be the most
important factors in human development, which help to rid populations of
poverty, and support human rights.
Connections between Economic Growth (EG) and Human Development
(HD)
The
connections between economic growth (EG) and human development (HD) form two
chains. Cross country regressions show a significant relationship in both
directions, with public expenditures on health and education, notably female,
especially important in the chain from EG to HD; and the investment rate and
income distribution significant in the HD to EG chain. This gives rise to
virtuous or vicious cycles, with good or bad performance on HD and EG
reinforcing each other.
Stages of Human Development
1: Infancy Stage (0-2 year old):
As
the child enters the toddler years, gaining a greater sense of personal control
becomes increasingly important. Tasks such as learning how to use the toilet,
selecting foods and choosing toys are ways that children gain a greater sense
of independence.
2: Early Childhood (3-6 year old)
This
stage is centered on developing a sense of self-initiative. Children who are
allowed and encouraged to engage in self-directed play emerge with a sense of
strong initiative, while those who are discouraged from these activities may
begin to feel a sense of guilt over their self-initiated activities.
3: Middle Childhood (7-12 year old)
children
engage in social interaction with friends and academic activities at school,
they begin to develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in their work and
abilities. Children who are praised and encouraged to develop a sense of
competence, while those who are discouraged are left with a sense of
inferiority.
4: Adolescence Stage (13-19 year old )
At
this point in development, the formation of a personal identity becomes
critical. During adolescence, teens explore different behaviors, roles, and
Those identities. who find a sense of identity feel secure, independent and
ready to face the future, while those who remain confused may feel lost,
insecure and unsure of their place in the world.
5: Young Adulthood Stage ( 20-35 years old )
The
sixth psychosocial stage is centered on intimacy versus isolation is focuses on
forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Dating, marriage,
family, and friendships are important during the intimacy versus isolation
stage, which lasts from approximate age 19 to 40.
6: Middle Adulthood ( 36-49 years old ):
Once
adults enter the generativity versus stagnation stage that occurs during middle
adulthood, the psychosocial conflict becomes centered on the need to create or
nurture things that will outlast the individual. Raising a family, working, and
contributing to the community are all ways that people develop a sense of
purpose. Those who fail to find ways to contribute may feel disconnected and
useless.
7: Late Adulthood/ old age ( 50- years old Death ):
The
final psychosocial stage is known as integrity versus despair and it begins
around the age of 65 and lasts until death. During this period of time, the
individual looks back on his or her life. The major question during this stage
is, "Did I live a meaningful life. Those who have will feel a sense of
peace, wisdom, and fulfillment, even when facing death. For those who look back
on life with bitterness and regret, feelings of despair may result.
In the post 18th Amendment / decentralization
scenario, development policy assists the provinces in developing sectoral
policies related to human development. Building on its current work, it
provides technical support to the federal and provincial governments on
pro-poor and gender based budgeting frameworks, poverty and inequality
measurement and monitoring etc.
Human Development Index Pakistan
§ Pakistan’s ranking on
the Human Development Index (HDI) 2019 fell one notch more and stood at 152nd
position out of the total 189 countries. Most alarmingly, Pakistan’s ranking
was lower than all comparable regional countries of South Asia.
§ Pakistan’s ranking
stood at 13 percent below the average HDI of South Asia including Bangladesh
and India. Pakistan made progress from 2000 to 2015 but its progress slowed
down afterwards” said the Human Development Report (HDR) 2019 launched by the
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
§ Pakistan did not
perform well as with an IHDI of 0.386 in 2018, Pakistan suffered a loss of
31.1% due to inequality in the distribution of HDI dimension indices.
§ In comparison,
Pakistan had a higher percentage of inequality in the health and education
dimension as compared to the average of South Asia and other medium HDI
countries. On account of Gender Development Index (GDI), the HDR 2019 states
that Pakistan’s ratio of the 2018 female HDI value stood at 0.464 and the male
HDI value 0.622, resulted in GDOI value of 0.747.
§ the number of 74
million poor people was depressing and they could not be taken care of through
targeted schemes so the solution lies for achieving higher and inclusive GDP
growth.
Pakistan Human Development Polices
Policy research and advisory:
Development policies strengthen UNDP’s
upstream policy and advisory support on development issues especially those
related to poverty, inequality, institutional performance and other areas
affecting human development outcomes
SDGs and other development goals
By
leveraging UNDP’s partnerships with the government at the federal and
provincial levels, development policy provides support for the localization,
monitoring and reporting of SDGs. It supports the national and provincial
governments to develop SDGs Acceleration Frameworks. Building on national
consultations, development policy provides technical support, to national and
provincial governments, with regard to the prioritization and development of
Pakistan specific Post 2015 Development Framework.
Solutions / knowledge exchange
Development policy serves as the hub of
knowledge and solutions exchange, at national and international level, on key
development issues. The online Solution Exchange Network will provide a
platform for seeking inputs/feedback from experts on development related
queries and issues.
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